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Luna-Grunt in 2020


Luna-29




Soyuz-5

Soyuz-5


prk

Air leak in the PrK chamber


MMKK





china








ppe




LOS


2020




OneWeb2


2020

Soyuz operations


 


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Russian space program in 2020

During a traditional meeting with the Russian president on the eve of Cosmonautics Day (which was conducted in the teleconference mode on April 10, 2020, due to the coronavirus pandemic), Head of Roskosmos Dmitry Rogozin promised a total of 33 launches during the year, including 12 missions within the federal program and nine commercial launches, including three from French Guiana.

For missions in 2019 click here


Liftoff

The second Angara-5 rocket lifts off on December 14, 2020.


At the same event on the Cosmonautics Day, Director General at ISS Reshetnev Nikolai Testoedov said that his company had planned to deliver a total of 10 spacecraft for launches in 2020. Two of them had already been launched (Meridian-M No. 19L and GLONASS-M No. 60), another two were at the launch site (Testoedov probably referred to Ekspress-80 and -103), while (6) others were either in storage or in manufacturing, Testoedov said. From his side, head of RKTs Progress Dmitry Baranov said that a fresh Soyuz launch vehicle would be shipped to Plesetsk in "coming days," likely for a military mission.

Ultimately, Russian space launchers flew 17 missions in 2020, taking a distant third place after the US and Chinese rockets, but notably, without accidents for the second year in a row. The main contributor to the reduced rate of launches was the OneWeb company, whose bankruptcy and subsequent restructuring cut the number of completed launches for the Internet constellation from 12 to just three.

 

The world's orbital launch attempts in 2020 (as of February 8, 2024 ):

-
Country
Launch date
Time of launch
Payload
Payload type
Launch vehicle
Launch site
Launch complex
Launch pad
Status
1
USA
Jan. 6
9:19:21 p.m. EST
Starlink (121-180)
Application / communications
Falcon-9 (F79)
Cape Canaveral
SLC-40
-
Success
2
China
Jan. 7
23:20:14.977 Bejing Time
TJSW-5
Application / communications
Chang Zheng-3B Y62
Xichang
2
-
Success
3
China
Jan. 15
10:53:04.636 Beijing Time
Jilin-1 (Red Flag-1 H9), NewSat-7, NewSat-8
Application / remote sensing
Chang Zheng-2D
Taiyuan
9
-
Success
4
China
Jan. 16
11:02 Beijing Time
Yinhe-1
Application / communications
Kuaizhou-1A
Jiuquan
-
-
Success
5
Europe
Jan. 16
18:05:07 French Guiana Time
Eutelsat Konnect, GSAT-30
Application / communications
Ariane-5 ECA (VA-251)
-
Success
6
USA
Jan. 29
9:06:49.493 a.m. EST
Starlink (181-240)
Application / communications
Falcon-9 (F80)
Cape Canaveral
SLC-40
-
Success
7
USA
Jan. 31
02:56 UTC
NROL-151
Military
Electron (F11)
Mahia
LC-1
-
Success
8
Russia
Feb. 7
00:42:41 Moscow Time
Application / communications
6
Success
9
Japan
Feb. 9
01:43 UTC
IGS Optical-7
Military / reconnaissance
H-2A (202 F401)
Tanegashima
-
-
Success
10
Iran
Feb. 9
14:45 UTC
Zafar-1
-
Simorgh
Semnan
2
-
Failure
11
USA
Feb. 9
11:30 p.m. EST
Solar Orbiter
Planetary / Sun
Atlas-5-411 (AV-087)
Cape Canaveral
SLC-41
-
Success
12
USA
Feb. 15
3:21:04.9 p.m. EST
Cygnus NG-13 (CRS-13)
Piloted / cargo supply
Wallops Isl.
LP-0A
-
Success
13
USA
Feb. 17
10:05:55 a.m EST
Starlink (241-300)
Application / communications
Falcon-9 (081-B1056.4)
Cape Canaveral
SLC-40
-
Success
14
Europe
Feb. 18
19:18:07 French Guina time
JCSat-17, Geo-Kompsat-2B (Chollian-2B)
Application / communications
Ariane-5 ECA (VA-252)
-
Success
15
China
Feb. 20
05:07 Beijing Time
Xin Jishu Shiyan-A, Xin Jishu Shiyan-B, Xin Jishu Shiyan-C, Xin Jishu Shiyan-D
Experimental
Chang Zheng-2D
Xichang
LC3
-
Success
16
Russia
Feb. 20
11:24:54.291 Moscow Time
Military / communications
3
Success*
17
USA
March 6
11:50 p.m. EST
Dragon SpX-20 (CRS-20)
Piloted / cargo supply
Falcon-9
Cape Canaveral
SLC-40
-
Success
18
China
March 9
19:55:06.080 Beijing Time
BeiDou-3 G2 (54)
Application / navigation
Chang Zheng-3B/G3 (Y69)
Xichang
2
07-115
Success
19
China
March 16
21:34 Beijing Time
XJS-6 (Xin Jishu Yanzheng-6)
Experimental
Chang Zheng-7A (Y1)
Wenchang
LC-201
-
Failure
20
Russia
March 16
21:28 Moscow Time
Military / navigation
4
Success
21
USA
March 18
8:16:39 a.m. EDT
Starlink (301-360)
Application / communications
Falcon-9 (083-B1048.5)
Cape Canaveral, KSC
LC-39A
A
Success**
22
Russia
March 21
20:06:58.196 Moscow Time

OneWeb (41-74)

Application / communications
6
Success
23
China
March 24
11:43 Beijing Time
Yaogan-30-6 (1), Yaogan-30-6 (2), Yaogan-30-6 (3)
Military / signal intelligence
Chang Zheng-2C (Y42)
Xichang
3
-
Success
24
USA
March 26
4:18 p.m. EDT
AEHF-6
Military / communications
Atlas-5 (551)
Cape Canaveral
SLC-41
-
Success
25
Russia
April 9
11:05:06 Moscow Time
Piloted
6
Success
26
China
April 9
11:46 UTC
Palapa-N1 (Nusantara-2)
Application / communications
Chang Zheng-3B/G2 (Y71)*
Xichang
2
-
Failure
27
Iran
April 22
04:00 UTC
Noor-1
-
Qassed
Shahroud
-
-
Success
28
USA
April 22
19:30:30 UTC
Starlink (361-420)
Application / communications
Falcon-9-084 (B1051.4 S)
Cape Canaveral (KSC)
LC-39A
A
Success
29
Russia
April 25
04:51:41.291 Moscow Time
Unpiloted / cargo supply
6
Success
30
China
May 5
10:00:27.092 UTC
XZF-SC (921)
Unpiloted / test
Chang Zheng-5B
Wenchang
LC-101
-
Success
31
China
May 12
09:16 Beijing Time
Xingyun-2 (1), Xingyun-2 (2)
Application / communications
Kuaizhou-1A
Jiuquan
-
-
Success
32
USA
May 17
13:14 UTC
OTV-6
Military / experimental
Atlas-5
Cape Canaveral
-
-
Success
33
Japan
May 21
02:31:00 Japan Standard Time
HTV-9 (Kounotori-9)
Unpiloted / cargo supply
H-2B No. 9
Tanegashima
-
-
Success
34
Russia
May 22
10:31:17 Moscow Time
Military / early warning
4
Success
35
USA
May 25
19:50 UTC
Dummy payload
Experimental
LauncherOne/Boeing-747 Cosmic Girl
Mojave
Runway 12/30
-
Failure
36
China
May 29
20:13 UTC
XJY-G, XJY-H
-
Chang Zheng-11
Xichang
-
-
Success
37
USA
May 30
3:22:45 p.m. EDT
Dragon-V2
Piloted
Falcon-9 (085, B1058.1S)
Cape Canaveral
39
A
Success
38
China
May 31
08:53 UTC
Gao Fen-9-02, HEAD-4
Application / remote sensing
Chang Zheng-2D
Jiuquan
-
-
Success
39
USA
June 3
9:25 p.m. EDT
Starlink (421-480)
Application / communications
Falcon-9 (B1049.5 S)
Cape Canaveral (KSC)
LC-40
-
Success
40
China
June 10
18:31:24 UTC
Haiyang-1D
Application / remote sensing
Chang Zheng-2C
Taiyuan
9
-
Success
41
USA
June 13
05:12:00 UTC

Andesite (1-9), NRO Sat (1-3), RAAF M2 Pathfinder

Experimental
Electron (F12)
Mahia
LC-1A
-
Success
42
USA
June 13
09:21:18 UTC
Starlink (481-538), SkySat-16, SkySat-17, SkySat-18
Application / Communications
Falcon-9-087 (B1059.3S)
Cape Canaveral
SLC-40
-
Success
43
China
June 17
07:19:04.327 UTC
Gaofen-9 (03) HEDE (5),
Pixing-3 (A)
Application / remote sensing
Chang Zheng-2D (Y52)
Jiuquan
01-116
-
Success
44
China
June 23
09:43:04.200 Beijing Time
BeiDou-3 G3 (55)
Military / navigation
Chang Zheng-3B-G2 (Y68)
Xichang
-
-
Success
45
USA
June 30
20:10:46.615 UTC
GPS-3-SV03 Columbus
Military / navigation
Falcon-9-088 (B1060.1S)
Cape Canaveral
SLC-40
-
Success
46
China
July 3
03:10 UTC
Gaofen Multi-Mode (?), Xibaipo 'Babi-2' (BY70-2)
Experimental
Chang Zheng-4B
Taiyuan
-
-
Success
47
USA
July 5
09:19:36 New Zealand time
CE-SAT-1B, SuperDove Flock-4e (1-5), Faraday-1
Experimental
Electron (F13)
Mahia
LC-1A
-
Failure
48
China
July 5
07:44:04.111 Beijing Time
Shiyan-6-02
Experimental
Chang Zheng-2D (Y29)
Jiuquan
LC-4
-
Success
49
Israel
July 6
04:00 Tel-Aviv time
Ofeq-16
Military / reconnaissance
Shavit-2
Palmachim
-
-
Success
50
China
July 9
12:11:04.988 UTC
APStar-6D
Application / communications
Chang Zheng-3B/G2
Xichang
LC3
-
Success
51
China
July 10
04:17 UTC
Jilin Gaofen-02E (BiliBili VideoSat), CentiSpace-1-S2
Experimental
Kuaizhou-11
Jiuquan
-
-
Failure
52
USA
July 15
9:46:00 a.m. EDT
NROL-129: USA-305, USA-306, USA-307, USA-308
Military
Minotaur-4
Wallops Isl.
0B
B
Success
53
Japan
July 20
06:58:14 JST
Al'amal (Hope, Emirates Mars Mission, EMM)
Planetary / Mars
H-2A F42
Tanegashima
-
-
Success
54
USA
July 20
5:30 p.m. EDT
Anasis-2 (K-MilSat-1)
Military / communications
Falcon-9
Cape Canaveral
SLC-40
-
Success
55
China
July 23
12:41:15.468 Bejing Time
Tianwen-1
Planetary / Mars
Chang Zheng-5 (Y4)
Wenchang
-
-
Success
56
Russia
July 23
17:26:21.374 Moscow Time
Piloted / cargo supply
6
Success
57
China
July 25
11:13 Beijing Time
Ziyuan-3-03, Longxia Yan-01 (ASES-11), Tianqi-10 (ASES-12)
Military / reconnaissance
Chang Zheng-4B Y45
Taiyuan
9
-
Success
58
USA
July 30
7:50:00.233 a.m. EDT
Mars-2020 Perseverance rover
Planetary / Mars
Atlas-5
Cape Canaveral
SLC-41
-
Success
59
Russia
July 31
00:25:19 Moscow Time
39
Success
60
China
Aug. 6
12:01 Beijing Time
Gaofen-9 04
Application / remote sensing
Chang Zheng-2D
Jiuquan
-
-
Success
61
USA
Aug. 7
1:12:05 a.m. EDT
Starlink (539-595), BlackSky Global-7, BlackSky Global-8
Application / communications
Falcon-9-090 (B1051.5 S)
Cape Canaveral, KSC
39A
A
Success
62
Europe
Aug. 15
-
Galaxy 30 (G-30), Mission Extension Vehicle-2 (MEV-2), BSAT-4b
Application / communications
Ariane-5 ECA+
-
Success
63
USA
Aug. 18
14:31:16.555 UTC
Starlink (596-653), BlackSky SkySat-19, SkySat-20, SkySat-21
Application / communications
Falcon-9-091 (B1049.6 S)
Cape Canaveral, KSC
SLC-40
A
Success
64
China
Aug. 23
10:27:04.117 Beijing Time
Gaofen-9 05, Tiantuo-5, Duo Gongneng Shiyan Weixing
Application / remote sensing
Chang Zheng-2D (Y57)
Jiuquan
43/94
-
Success
65
USA
Aug. 30
6:18.56.462 p.m. EDT
Saocom-1B
Application / remote sensing
Falcon-9-092 (B1059.4 L)
Cape Canaveral
SLC-40
-
Success
66
USA
Aug. 31
15:05:47 New Zealand Time
Capella Sequoia, Photon Fist Light
Application / remote sensing
Electron (F14)
Mahia
LC-1A
-
Success
67
Europe
Sept. 2

10:51 p.m. French Guiana time

53 payloads: SuperDoves Flock 4v (26), Lemur-2 (8), ESAIL, GHGSat-C1, Athena, ION CubeSat Carrier, NEMO-HD, UPMSat-2, NuSat-6, SpaceBEE (12), FSSCat-A, FSSCat-B, DIDO-3, PICASSO, SIMBA, TRISAT, AMICalSat, NAPA-1, TARS, OSM-1 CICERO, Tyvak-0171
Application
-
Success
68
USA
Sept. 3
8:46 a.m. EDT
Starlink F12 (654-714)
Application / communications
Falcon-9-093 (B1060.2)
Cape Canaveral
39A
A
Success
69
China
Sept. 4
13:28 Beijing Time
Experimental reusable spaceplane
Military
Chang Zheng-2F
Jiuquan
921
-
Success
70
China
Sept. 7
05:57 UTC
Gaofen-11 (02)
Application / remote sensing
Chang Zheng-4B
Taiyuan
9
-
Success
71
USA
Sept. 11
8:19 p.m. Pacific Time
?
?
Astra Rocket 3.1
Kodiak
LP-3B
-
Failure
72
China
Sept. 12
13:12 Beijing Time
Jilin-1, Gaofen-02C
Application / remote sensing
Kuaizhou-1A (Y3)
Jiuquan
-
-
Failure
73
China
Sept. 15
9:23 a.m. Beijing Time
Jilin-1 Gaofen 03-1 (9)
Application / remote-sensing
Chang Zheng-11
Yellow Sea
Floating platform
-
Success
74
China
Sept. 22
13:40 Beijing Time
Haiyang-2C (HY-2C)
Application / remote-sensing
Chang Zheng-4B
Jiuquan
43/94
-
Success
75
China
Sept. 27
11:23 Beijing Time
HJ-2A, HJ-2B
Application / remote-sensing
Chang Zheng-4B (Y42)
Taiyuan
-
-
Success
76
Russia
Sept. 28
14:20:32.331 Moscow Time
Gonets-M No. 27, 28, 29, Dekart, Iceye X-6 (2), Kepler-2 (2), LacunaSat-3, Lemur-2y (4), MeznSat, NetSat (4), Norbi, SalSat, Yarilo (2)
Application / communications
-
Success
77
USA
Oct. 2
9:16:14 p.m. EDT
Cygnus NG-14
Piloted / cargo supply
Wallops Isl.
01
-
Success
78
USA
Oct. 6
7:29 a.m. EDT
Starlink F13 (715-774)
Application / communications
Falcon-9-094 (B1058.3)
Cape Canaveral
39A
A
Success
79
China
Oct. 11
16:57:04.250 UTC
Gaofen-13
Application / remote sensing
Chang Zheng-3B
Xichang
2
-
Success
80
Russia
Oct. 14
08:45:04 Moscow Time
Piloted
6
Success
81
USA
Oct. 18
08:25:57 EDT
Starlink Launch 14 (v1.0 L13)
(775-834)
Application / communications
Falcon-9 096 (B1051.6)
Cape Canaveral
39A
A
Success
82
USA
Oct. 24
12:36:34 EDT
Starlink Launch 15 (v1.0 L14)
(835-894)
Application / communications
Falcon-9 (B1060)
Cape Canaveral
40
-
Success
83
Russia
Oct. 25
22:08:42.441 Moscow Time
GLONASS-K No. 15L (Kosmos-2547)
Military / navigation
4
Success
84
China
Oct. 26
23:19 Beijing Time
Yaogan-30-07 (A, B, C), Tianqi-6
Application / remote sensing
Chang Zheng-2C (Y43)
Xichang
-
-
Success
85
USA
Oct. 29
10:21:27 New Zealand Time
CE-SAT-2B, SuperDove Flock-4e (9)
Application / remote sensing
Electron
Mahia
LC1
-
Success
86
USA
Nov. 5
6:24 p.m. EST
GPS-3 SV04
Military / navigation
Falcon-9
Cape Canaveral
40
-
Success
87
China
Nov. 6
11:19:14.901 Beijing Time
ÑuSat-9 Alice, ÑuSat-10 Caroline, ÑuSat-11 Cora, ÑuSat-12 Dorothy, ÑuSat-13 Emmy, ÑuSat-14 Hedy, ÑuSat-15 Katherine, ÑuSat-16 Lise, ÑuSat-17 Mary, ÑuSat-18 Vera, Taiyuan (BY70 3), Tianyi 05 (TY20), Bei Hangkong Shi Weixing-1 (MN50 3)
Application / remote sensing
Chang Zheng-6
Taiyuan
16
-
Success
88
India
Nov. 7
15:02 India Standard Time
EOS-1 (RISAT-2BR1), Lemur (4), Kleos (4),
Application / remote sensing
PSLV-C49
Sriharikota
-
-
Success
89
China
Nov. 7
15:12 Beijing Time
Tianqi-11
Application / data relay
Gushenxing-1
Jiuquan
-
-
Success
90
China
Nov. 12
23:59:04.053 Beijing Time
Tiantong-1 (02)
Application / communications
Chang Zheng-3B
Xichang
07-120
2
Success
91
USA
Nov. 13
5:32 p.m. EST
NROL-101 (Quasar-4G)
Military
Atlas-5-531 (AV-090)
Cape Canaveral
41
-
Success
92
USA
Nov. 15
7:27:17 p.m. EDT
Crew Dragon C207 (Resilience)
Piloted
Falcon-9
Cape Cnaveral
39
A
Success
93
Europe
Nov. 16
10:52 p.m. French Guiana Time
SEOSAT-Ingenio, Taranis
Application / remote sensing
-
Failure
94
USA
Nov. 20
15:20:01 New Zealand Daylight Time
Dragracer, BRO-2, BRO-3, APSS-1, SpaceBEE 1/4U (24)
Experimental
Electron-KS (F16)
Mahia
LC1
-
Success
95
USA
Nov. 21
9:17 a.m. Pacific Time
Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich
Application / remote sensting
Falcon-9
Vandenberg
SLC-4E
East
Success
96
China
Nov. 24
04:25 Beijing Time
Chang'e-5
Planetary / lunar lander sample return
Chang Zheng-5
Wenchang
101
-
Success
97
USA
Nov. 24
9:13:12 p.m. EST
Starlink Flight 16 (895-954) (60)
Application / communications
Falcon-9 v1.2b5 (F9-100)
Cape Canaveral
SLC-40
-
Success
98
Japan
Nov. 29
16:25 Japan Standard Time
JDRS-1
Application / data relay
H-2A F43
Tanegashima
-
-
Success
99
Russia
Dec. 1
10:33:28 p.m. French Guiana time
Military / reconnaissance
-
Success
100
Russia
Dec. 3
04:14:36.491 Moscow Time
3
Success
101
China
Dec. 6
11:58:14.250 Beijing Time
Gaofen-9
Application / remote sensing
Chang Zheng-3B/YZ1 (G5)
Xichang
-
-
Success
102
USA
Dec. 6
11:17 a.m. EST
Dragon SpX CRS-21
Piloted / cargo supply
Falcon-9
Cape Canaveral
LC-39
A
Success
103
China
Dec. 9
04:14:43.253 Beijing Time
GECAM-A, GECAM-B
Science / astronomy
Chang Zheng-11
Xichang
4
-
Success
104
USA
Dec. 10
8:09 p.m. EST
NROL-44 (8306 Orion-10, Mentor-8)
Military / reconnaissance
Delta-IV Heavy (D-385)
Cape Canaveral
37
B
Success
105
USA
Dec. 13
-
SXM-7
Application / broadcasting
Falcon-9 B1051.7
Cape Canaveral
SLC-40
-
Success
106
Russia
Dec. 14
08:50:00 Moscow Time
Experimental
1
Success
107
USA
Dec. 15
10:09:27 UTC
StriX-a
Application / remote-sensing
Electron-KS (F17)
Mahia
LC-1
-
Success
108
USA
Dec. 15
20:55 UTC
Astra
Experimental
Astra Rocket 3.2
Kodiak
LP-3B
-
Failure
109
India
Dec. 17
10:11 UTC
CMS-01 (GSAT-12R)
Application / communications
PSLV (C50)
Sriharikota
-
-
Success
110
Russia
Dec. 18 15:26:26.197 Moscow Time
Application / communications
-
Success
111
USA
Dec. 19
14:00 UTC
NROL-108
Military
Falcon-9
Cape Canaveral
39
-
Success
112
China
Dec. 22
12:37 Beijing Time
XJY-7, Khaisy, Yuanguan, Tyantsy-8, Chzhinsin-1A
Experimental
Chang Zheng-8 (Y1)
Wenchang
201
-
Success
113
China
Dec. 27
15:44 UTC
Yaogan Weixing-33 (02), Weina Jishu Shìyan
Application / remote-sensing
Chang Zheng-4C (Y35)
Jiuquan
43/95
-
Success
114
Russia
Dec. 29
1:42 p.m. French Guiana time
Military / reconnaissance
-
Success

*Anomaly during the operation of the third stage;

**Anomaly during ascent.

 

 

The 2020 space launch score card (as of February 8, 2024 ):

USA
China
Russia
Europe
Japan
Iran
India
Israel
World
Launch vehicles
Falcon-9:
25
Chang Zheng-3B:
8 (1*)
Ariane-5 ECA:
3
H-2A:
3

Simorgh:
1*

PSLV:
2
Shavit-2:
1
Electron:
6 (1*)
Chang Zheng-2D:
7
Vega:
2 (1*)
H-2B:
1
Qased:
1
Atlas-5:
5
Kuaizhou-1A:
3 (1*)
Chang Zheng-7A:
1*
LauncherOne:
1*
Chang Zheng-2C:
3
Minotaur-4:
1
Chang Zheng-5:
3
Astra Rocket:
2 (2*)
Chang Zheng-11:
3
Electron-KS:
1
Chang Zheng-4B:
5
Delta-4 Heavy:
1
Kuaizhou-11:
1 (1)*
 
Chang Zheng-2F:
1
       
   
 
Chang Zheng-6:
1
       
   
 
Gushenxing-1:
1
       
   
 
Chang Zheng-8:
1
       
   
 
Chang Zheng-4C:
1
       
   
USA
total:
44
China
total:
39
Russia
total:
17
Europe
total:
5
Japan
total:
4
Iran
total:
2
India total:
2
Israel total:
1
World
total:
114
USA
failed:
4
China
failed:
4
Russia
failed:
0
Europe
failed:
1
Japan
failed:
0
Iran
failed:
1
India
failed:
0
Israel
failed:
0
World
failed:
10
Launch sites
Cape Canaveral:
30
Xichang:
13 (1*)
Kourou:
7 (1*)
Tanegashima:
4
Semnan:
1*
Sriharikota:
2
Palmachim:
1
World
launch sites:
20
Mahia:
7 (1*)
Taiyuan:
6
 
Shahroud:
1
Wallops Isl:
3
Jiuquan:
13
Vostochny:
1
 
Mojave:
1*
Wenchang:
5 (1*)
 
Kodiak:
2 (2*)
Yellow Sea platform:
1
       
   
Vandenberg:
1
         
   

*Failed launch

 

insider content

 

This page is compiled by Anatoly Zak; Last update: February 8, 2024

Page editor: Alain Chabot; Last edit: April 30, 2011

All rights reserved

insider content

 

cluster

Soyuz-2-1b lifts off from Baikonur with 34 OneWeb satellites on February 7, 2020. Click to enlarge. Credit: Arianespace


cluster

Soyuz lifts off with 34 OneWeb satellites on March 21, 2020. Click to enlarge. Credit: Roskosmos


adapter

A Soyuz-2-1a rocket lifts off with Progress MS-14 spacecraft on April 25, 2020. Click to enlarge. Credit: Roskosmos


vacuum

Click to enlarge. Credit: Roskosmos

vacuum

Progress MS-15 lifts off on July 23, 2020. Click to enlarge. Credit: Roskosmos


rocket

A Soyuz-2-1b rocket with GLONASS-K No. 15 satellite lifts off on October 25, 2020. Click to enlarge. Credit: Russian Ministry of Defense


boarding

Soyuz-ST rocket lifts off from Kourou on December 29, 2020, with CSO-2 satellite. Click to enlarge. Credit: Arianespace


launch

Soyuz lifts off from French Guiana on December 1, 2020, with Falcon Eye-2 satellite. Click to enlarge. Credit: CNES